National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women/females in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND@#This systematic and meta-analysis review aimed to provide an updated estimate of the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women, in geographic areas worldwide, and demonstrate a trend of the prevalence of smoking over time by using a cumulative meta-analysis.@*METHODS@#Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published on the prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. We searched PubMed, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and Ovid from January 2010 to April 2020. The reference lists of the studies included in this review were also screened. Data were reviewed and extracted independently by two authors. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women. Sources of heterogeneity among the studies were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression.@*RESULTS@#The pooled prevalence of ever and current cigarette smoking in women was 28% and 17%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in adolescent girls/students of the school, adult women, pregnant women, and women with the disease was 23%, 27%, 32%, and 38%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of ever cigarette smoking in the continents of Oceania, Asia, Europe, America, and Africa was 36%, 14%, 38%, 31%, and 32%, respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The prevalence of cigarette smoking among women is very high, which is significant in all subgroups of adolescents, adults, and pregnant women. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement appropriate educational programs for them, especially in schools, to reduce the side effects and prevalence of smoking among women.

Evaluating the Effect of Educational Interventions on Health Literacy through Social Networking Services to Promote Students' Quality of Life / 가정의학회지

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown the health literacy effects on the general state of health and its related factors, as well as health outcomes, physical and mental health, and health-related quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the effect of training based on health literacy through social networking strategies to promote health-related quality of life among students of Islamic Azad University, Shahr Rey Branch, Iran. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 120 students with poor or average quality of life score. Participants were randomly assigned into experimental and control groups (60 participants each). Health literacy and quality of life data were collected at baseline, immediately after, and 3 months after intervention. The educational intervention was conducted online using social networking services. Data were analyzed using SPSS ver. 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: The results showed no significant differences between the two groups in terms of health literacy and quality of life at baseline (P=0.979 and 0.269, respectively). The mean score of health literacy and quality of life in the experimental group, compared with the control group, significantly increased immediately after and 3 months after the intervention (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The educational intervention administered by applying health literacy strategies online, through social networking services, can be effective in improving the quality of life of students.

[Effect of education based on the theory of planned behavior on fast food consumption in high school girl's students in Sabzevar City 2014]

Introduction and Aims: today, with the advances in science, technology and industry the life-style of people has been changed. As we can see customs, traditions and indigenous cultures are faded in nutrition and food behaviors. In addition, in many of communities the use of fast foods has prevalent. Teenagers are interested in and almost one-third of them consume fast foods daily. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of the education based on theory of planned behavior in consumption of fast foods in high school girls' students of Sabzevar city in 2014

Materials and Methods: method of this study, was a quasi-experimental with two experimental] N = 25[and control] N = 25[groups consisted of 50 high school students [third grade] in 2014. The questionnaire based on structures of planned behavior theory was used. According to preliminary results, educational content developed and presented in the experimental group. After 3 months training program, data were collected and analyzed by using SPSS v.14 software

Results: According to the results, 82.2% of the students used fast food at least twice a month. Knowledge, attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control predicted 56.50% of behavioral intention and 20.32% of the behavior. Moreover, attitude was the most significant predictor of behavioral intention [beta = 0.274].

Conclusion: results showed that students do not have enough experience. Reducing the consumption of processed foods in this group can be providing by knowledge of healthy nutrition and appropriate educational interventions

[Evaluation of education in promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors among adolescent girls, according to the Health Belief Model]

Background and objective: adolescence is one of the most valuable periodin life which is foundation of the next stage.Adolescents'sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating behaviors threat the present and future life in this age group. The aim of this study was to evaluate healthy lifestyle education based on health belief model among adolescents.

Materials and methods: this interventional study was conducted on 113studentswho were selected from two schools in an educational district in Mashhadand viathe cluster sampling method. They were divided intoa case group[56] and a control one[57]. datawere gathered using demographic, knowledge and performance questionnaires and also the health belief model constructs. The reliability of the questionnaires was determined by test- retest and alpha. Educational program based on health belief model was designed and implemented in four 50-minute sessions. Thedata were analyzed using SPSS softwar [11.5].

Results: There was observed a significant difference between after and before intervention in meanscores of knowledge [P=0.033], Performance [P=0.001] and also physical activity, puberty health, structures of health belief model include sensitive [P=0.013], intensity [P=0.008] and efficacy, perceived benefits [P=0.001] and perceived barriers [P=0.001] while, there was no significant difference in the case group.

Conclusion: Health education programs which are based on health belief modelcan be effective in promoting health awareness, perceptions of cognitive and healthy lifestyle behaviors in adolescents.

structural equation model to predict the social-cognitive determinants related to physical activity in Iranian women with diabetes mellitus

Lifestyle-modification programs including physical activity are essential for both treatment and prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [T2DM]. However, factors associated with physical activity among patients are poorly understood. This study applied Social-Cognitive Theory [SCT] for predicting determinants of physical activity among women with T2DM in Iran, 2013. In this cross-sectional study, partial least square path modeling [PLS-PM] was used as an estimation technique for structural equation model. This model specified hypotheses between components of Social-cognitive Theory on physical activity behavior. A random sample of 300 women with T2DM was selected, and completed SCT constructs instrument. Data were analyzed using statistical software WarpPLS Ver. 4.0. The model explained 26% of the variance in physical activity. Self-regulation, task self-efficacy and barrier self-efficacy were significantly direct predictors of physical activity among women with T2DM. Task self-efficacy, social support and modeling had significantly indirect effects on physical activity behavior [P<0.001]. Our findings showed evidence for adequacy of a theoretical framework that could be used to predict physical activity behavior among women with T2DM

Married yttenda women's knowledge, attitude and sense of self-efficacy about oral contraceptives: focus group discussions

Oral contraceptive pills effectiveness is lower in actual use than in clinical trials. The views of a group of married Iranian women were sought as a step toward improving the enhanced use of contraceptive pills. Two focus groups of current pill users [n=13] and two focus groups of women not currently taking the pills [n=14] were held. Leaders trained facilitators; themes were identified from line-by-line analysis of transcripts. The majority of the participants were primary school graduates with a mean age of 34 years. Knowledge about mechanisms of action was low; some women wanted more information. Both users and non-users recognized positive and negative characteristics of contraceptive pills. For non-users, physical and emotional side effects were the most important; and anecdotal information from their social network was more important. They tended to trust more traditional methods. For users, their own experience and more reality-based understanding of side-effects mitigated concerns about side-effects. They also felt that health clinic staff had a negative attitude toward the pills. A stronger expression of self-efficacy seemed to be associated with more positive attitudes toward oral contraceptive pills. Although Iran has had a government-funded family planning program since 1990, and pills are the single most popular modern contraceptive method, women who take OCPs can provide important information that could increase effective health education about their use